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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
Time: 3:42 am
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Results for repeat victimization
24 results foundAuthor: Brame, Robert Title: The Impact of Proactive Enforcement of No-Contact Orders on Victim Safety and Repeat Victimization Summary: This study examined the impact of proactive enforcement of court-imposed no-contact orders (NCOs) on offender behavior and victim safety in cases of misdemeanor domestic violence. The major research goals and objectives were to assess whether proactive enforcement: (1) increased victim knowledge about no-contact orders; (2) reduced contact between offenders and victims; and (3) increased victim safety and promoted well-being. Details: Unpublished report to the U.S. National Institute of Justice, 2009. 131p., app. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 17, 2018 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/228003.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/228003.pdf Shelf Number: 117133 Keywords: Domestic ViolenceIntimate Partner ViolenceProtection OrdersRepeat VictimizationRestraining OrdersViolence Against Women |
Author: Davis, Robert C. Title: Effects of Second Responder Programs on Repeat Incidents of Family Abuse Summary: This paper reports the results of a systematic review of the effects of second responder programs on repeat incidents of family violence. An exhaustive search yielded ten studies (including three that were unpublished) that met our criteria that included: (a) following a report of a family violence incident to the police, a second response that included a home visit, (b) a comparison group, and (c) at least one measure of repeat family violence. Fixed and random effects metaanalysis indicated that the second response intervention did not affect the likelihood of new abuse as reported on victim surveys, but did slightly increase the odds of a new report made to the police. We interpret these results to mean that the intervention does not affect the continuation or cessation of family violence, but does somewhat increase victims’ willingness to report incidents to the authorities when they occur. Details: Oslo: Campbell Collaboration, 2008. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 3, 2010 at: http://campbellcollaboration.org/lib/download/233/ Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://campbellcollaboration.org/lib/download/233/ Shelf Number: 119744 Keywords: Battered WomenFamily ViolenceRepeat VictimizationSpouse AbuseVictims of Family ViolenceViolence Against Women |
Author: Oliver, willard M. Title: Community Policing and Victim Services in Texas Summary: This report focuses on the concepts of community policing, primarily the key tenets of police-community partnerships and problem solving, for improved police services to crime victims in the State of Texas. The report details the extent of victimization in the United States, as well as Texas, and then details the extent of police services for victims and victims’ services. The report explains how community policing may enhance services to victims by defining community policing, its tenets, and how community policing would better deliver victims’ services. By way of example, it details two issues: repeat victimizations and domestic violence. The report then concludes with a discussion of future partnerships between the police and victims. Details: Huntsville, TX: Crime Victims' Institute, Sam Houston State University, 2011. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 19, 2011 at: http://www.crimevictimsinstitute.org/documents/Community_Policing5.5.11.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.crimevictimsinstitute.org/documents/Community_Policing5.5.11.pdf Shelf Number: 122101 Keywords: Community Policing (Texas)Domestic ViolencePolice-Community RelationsRepeat VictimizationVictims of Crime |
Author: New Zealand. Ministry of Justice. Title: Multiple Victimisation in New Zealand: Findings from the 2009 New Zealand Crime and Safety Survey Summary: This focus paper expands upon the findings of the 2009 New Zealand Crime and Safety Survey (NZCASS). The paper provides an analysis of the nature and extent of multiple victimisation in New Zealand in 2008. A multiple victim is defined as a person who experienced more than one offence within a 12 month period. One in five (19%) New Zealanders reported that they were multiple victims of crime in 2008 (ie they experienced two or more offences). Multiple victims were more likely to characterise crimes as being ‘serious’ and reported being more seriously affected by crime incidents, compared to those victimised only once. In 2008, 6% of New Zealanders were chronic victims of crime (ie they experienced five or more offences), and this group experienced 54% of all crime. Younger people, Māori and those who were unemployed and/or on benefits were more than twice as likely to be chronic victims of crime. Preventing multiple victimisation (so that fewer people are repeatedly victimised) has the potential to reduce significantly the total volume and impact of crime in New Zealand. Details: Wellington, NZ: Ministry of Justice, 2010. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 6, 2011 at: http://www.justice.govt.nz/publications/global-publications/c/NZCASS-2009/publications/global-publications/c/NZCASS-2009/documents/NZCASS%20Multiple%20victimisation.pdf Year: 2010 Country: New Zealand URL: http://www.justice.govt.nz/publications/global-publications/c/NZCASS-2009/publications/global-publications/c/NZCASS-2009/documents/NZCASS%20Multiple%20victimisation.pdf Shelf Number: 122660 Keywords: Repeat VictimizationVictimization Surveys (New Zealand) |
Author: Park, Seong min Title: Improving Statistical Modeling of Repeat Victimization: Zero-inflated Effect and Bayesian Prediction Summary: Repeat victimization has become an important issue in the study of crime. However, studies on repeat victimization have not fully paid attention to the statistical characteristics of repeat victimization. In this study, I review the statistical characteristics of repeat victimization and identified three main statistical concerns that should be considered in order to improve the understanding of the phenomenon of repeat victimization: First, studies on repeat victimization have misrepresented the stochastic characteristics of repeat victimization. Second, researchers have neglected the possibility that there may be a large portion of the population who are practically immune from victimization. Third, I expect the accuracy of predicting future victimization may be increased by using both prior information and frequentist likelihood functions simultaneously. To address these concerns, I propose two statistical models: (1) the zero-inflated negative binomial model, and (2) the Bayesian predictive model. From the analysis of Korean Youth Panel data with these proposed models, I find that accounting for zero-inflated effects produces information about victimization that is not otherwise available. And I also detect that the causes of zero-inflated effects are sometimes different than the causes of high risk or event dependency. However, I fail to find optimistic utility of Bayesian methods for studying repeat victimization. Though Bayesian methods can be used to develop individual victimization predictions that are comparable across people and circumstances, their prediction accuracy is less than a much simpler procedure: forecasting victimization based on prior victimization only. The limitations of this study and the suggestions for future studies are discussed. Details: Cincinnati: University of Cincinnati, Department of Criminal Justice, 2010. 144p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed October 22, 2011 at: http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi/Park%20Seong%20min.pdf?ucin1289841060 Year: 2010 Country: Korea, South URL: http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi/Park%20Seong%20min.pdf?ucin1289841060 Shelf Number: 123094 Keywords: Juvenile Offenders (South Korea)Repeat VictimizationVictims of Crimes |
Author: Lauritsen, Janet L. Title: Methods for Counting High-Frequency Repeat Victimizations in the National Crime Victimization Survey Summary: Thie report examines the nature and extent of series victimization in the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). The report assesses the general patterns of victims' responses to being asked "How many times did this type of incident occur?" and provides data on how reports of high-frequency repeated victimizations have changed over time. It describes how different procedures for counting series victimizations would affect estimates of the level and annual rate of change in victimization for various crime types and incident characteristics. The report also describes how BJS will change its counting practices for estimating annual victimization rates in future reports. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2012. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 12, 2012 at: http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/mchfrv.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/mchfrv.pdf Shelf Number: 124944 Keywords: Crime StatisticsCrime SurveysNational Crime Victimization SurveyRepeat VictimizationVictimization (U.S.) |
Author: Grove, Louise E. Title: Preventing Repeat Victimization: A Systematic Review Summary: A large proportion of all crimes are committed against crime victims who have been victimized before, a phenomenon known as repeat victimization. There is thus a potential to achieve substantial benefits by focusing crime prevention measures on individuals, institutions or objects that have previously been exposed to crime. Successful strategies of this kind would prevent repeat victimization, and thus also would prevent a substantial proportion of all the crimes committed. The crime prevention measures that are implemented to this end may take several different forms. The strategy is not primarily about specific kinds of measures, but rather involves a way of directing crime prevention measures at relevant targets. An increasing number of crime prevention initiatives have been directed at repeat victimization especially to prevent repeat burglaries. But how well do they work? What does the research tell us? This report presents a systematic review, including a statistical meta-analysis, of the effects of initiatives to prevent repeat victimization. The study follows the rigorous methodological requirements of a systematic review. The analysis combines the results from a number of evaluations that are considered to satisfy a list of empirical criteria for measuring effects as reliably as possible. The meta-analysis then uses the results from these previous evaluations to calculate and produce an overview of the effects associated with initiatives to prevent repeat victimization. The systematic review and the statistical meta-analysis presented in this report are based on a substantial number of empirical evaluations. Even though important questions remain unanswered, the study provides an accessible and far-reaching overview of the effects of initiatives to prevent repeat victimization. Generally, the results are encouraging; suggesting that appropriately targeted situational prevention measures can significantly reduce repeat burglaries. Details: Stockholm, Sweden: Brottsförebyggande rådet/The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention, 2012. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 19, 2012 at: http://www.bra.se/download/18.1ff479c3135e8540b29800015728/2012_Preventing_repeat_victimization2.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.bra.se/download/18.1ff479c3135e8540b29800015728/2012_Preventing_repeat_victimization2.pdf Shelf Number: 126757 Keywords: BurglariesCrime PreventionRepeat VictimizationVictims of Crime |
Author: Great Britain. Home Office Title: Empowering Communities, Protecting Victims. Summary report on the community trigger trials Summary: The community trigger will give victims and communities the right to demand that agencies deal with persistent anti-social behaviour. Long-running problems can destroy a victim’s quality of life and shatter a community’s trust in police and other agencies. It is often targeted at the most vulnerable people in our communities. A recent report published by HM Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC) showed that repeat and vulnerable victims are disproportionately exposed to and harmed by anti-social behaviour, and that vulnerable people who suffer repeat incidents are most likely to fall through the net. This could be as a result of low level anti-social behaviour being dealt with on a case by case basis without the full impact on the victim being considered, or reports to a number of agencies resulting in isolated responses that do not fully deal with the issue. We do not expect there to be large numbers of triggers as a duty already exists on local agencies to deal with every report of anti-social behaviour. As the trials have shown, even where a very low threshold is set, the number of triggers received was consistent with other areas, showing that where there is effective partnership working fewer victims have to resort to activating the trigger. We know it is rare for victims to report the first incident of anti-social behaviour, often waiting for something to happen several times before contacting agencies. The community trigger will build on existing good practice and encourage the police, councils, housing providers and other agencies to work together to tackle anti-social behaviour, particularly where the victim is vulnerable. We want the community trigger to give victims, regardless of where they live, the confidence that their reports of anti-social behaviour will be dealt with quickly and effectively. It will ensure that no-one has to suffer persistent, targeted anti-social behaviour over a prolonged period of time before agencies take action. Anti-social behaviour is very different from one area to the next and the response has to be decided locally. We do not propose to spell out in legislation exactly how local areas should implement the trigger. Instead, police, local authorities, housing providers and health agencies will be required to work together to design their community trigger. This degree of local flexibility means that it will be tailored to meet the needs of victims in the local area. We trialled the community trigger in four areas to test it on the ground and to explore some of the ways in which the community trigger could be implemented. Trials started on 1 June 2012 in Manchester, Brighton and Hove, West Lindsey and Boston (Lincolnshire), with a further trial starting in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames on 17 August 2012. These areas have assessed their trials and their reports are published alongside this summary. Their reports include a description of each community trigger received and how agencies responded. This report highlights the lessons identified by the trial areas, and is intended to be used by agencies setting up their own community trigger procedures. For ease of reference, the key lessons are covered in more detail at the end of the report. Details: London: Home Office, 2013. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 13, 2013 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/197639/Community_trigger_trials_report_v2.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/197639/Community_trigger_trials_report_v2.pdf Shelf Number: 128717 Keywords: Anti-Social Behavior (U.K.)Disorderly ConductRepeat Victimization |
Author: Yang, Xiaowen Title: Exploring the Influence of Environmental Features on Residential Burglary Using Spatial-Temporal Pattern Analysis Summary: With the help of Geographic Information Systems and statistical tools, this dissertation intends to (a) explore the spatial and temporal patterns of burglary, (b) examine the correlation between burglary and environmental variables, and (c) identify specific features of the physical environment that contribute to burglary in general and to repeat burglary and “near repeat burglary” in particular. We hypothesize that some environmental variables such as accessibility, house location on the block, and adjacent land uses have strong contributions to burglary, repeat burglary, and “near repeat” burglary propensity, despite sociodemographic neighborhood differences. To test this hypothesis, this empirical research uses a case study approach and analyzes data from the Gainesville, Florida, Police Department for residential burglaries from January 2000 to December 2003. Details: Gainesville, FL, University of Florida, 2006. 210p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed August 19, 2013 at: http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0013390/yang_x.pdf Year: 2006 Country: United States URL: http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0013390/yang_x.pdf Shelf Number: 129665 Keywords: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTDesign Against CrimeGeographical Information Systems (GIS)Neighborhoods and CrimeRepeat VictimizationResidential Burglary (U.S.) |
Author: White House Council on Women and Girls Title: Rape and Sexual Assault: A Renewed Call to Action Summary: This report analyzes the most recent, reliable data about rape and sexual assault in our country. It identifies those most at risk of being victims of these crimes, examines the cost of this violence (both to survivors and our communities), and describes the response, too often inadequate, of the criminal justice system. The report catalogues steps this Administration has taken to combat rape and sexual assault, and identifies areas for further action. An overview of the problem: - Women and girls are the vast majority of victims: nearly 1 in 5 women - or nearly 22 million - have been raped in their lifetimes. - Men and boys, however, are also at risk: 1 in 71 men - or almost 1.6 million - have been raped during their lives. - Women of all races are targeted, but some are more vulnerable than others: 33.5% of multiracial women have been raped, as have 27% of American Indian and Alaska Native women, compared to 15% of Hispanic, 22% of Black, and 19% of White women. - Most victims know their assailants. - The vast majority (nearly 98%) of perpetrators are male. - Young people are especially at risk: nearly half of female survivors were raped before they were 18, and over one-quarter of male survivors were raped before they were 10. College students are particularly vulnerable: 1 in 5 women has been sexually assaulted while in college. - Repeat victimization is common: over a third of women who were raped as minors were also raped as adults. Other populations are also at higher risk of being raped or sexually assaulted, including people with disabilities, the LGBT community, prison inmates (of both genders), and the homeless. Undocumented immigrants face unique challenges, because their abusers often threaten to have them deported if they try to get help. Details: Washington, DC: The White House, 2014. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: October 5, 2017 at: https://www.knowyourix.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/sexual_assault_report_1-21-14.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://iaclea.org/visitors/about/documents/WhiteHouseCouncil_sexual_assault_report_1-21-14.pdf Shelf Number: 132046 Keywords: RapeRepeat VictimizationSexual AssaultSexual Violence |
Author: Warnken, Heather Title: Untold Stories of California Crime Victims: Research and Recommendations on Repeat Victimization and Rebuilding Lives Summary: Some of California's most vulnerable crime victims did not receive the healing they needed because they weren't aware of trauma-recovery services or didn't think they were getting adequate access, according to a new report by a Berkeley Law research center. The report, released this week by the Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Law and Social Policy, highlights the gap that exists between service providers and victims, including those who were repeatedly victimized. It recommends that policy-makers support counseling, job, and housing services, particularly in communities that are most affected by violence. Untold Stories of California Crime Victims uses new research and focus-group interviews with several crime victims in Los Angeles, San Joaquin, and Sacramento counties to give a voice to the injured, said report author Heather Warnken, a legal policy associate. The report singles out San Francisco General Hospital's Trauma Recovery Center as a model for communities to follow. The center, opened in 2001 as a project of UC San Francisco and the hospital, helps victims of sexual assault, violence at home, and other traumas. More than three-quarters of the center's clients have shown improved mental health and more than half are more likely to return to work, according to the Berkeley Law report. The model has expanded to Los Angeles County. Among the report's findings: -Many repeat victims are reluctant to report their cases because they don't trust law enforcement; -Many of the victims interviewed in the focus groups said their relationships with first responders other than police were more positive than those with law enforcement; -People repeatedly traumatized by violence developed other problems over time, such as substance abuse. The report's recommendations include: 'Building trust with law enforcement officials and agencies in communities burdened by violence; -Promoting access for crime victims to services that emphasize creative expression, movement and exercise, in addition to counseling. Details: Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley School of Law, Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Law and Social Policy, 2014. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 13, 2014 at: http://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/WI_CA_Untold_Stories_03_31_14_lo_res_Final.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/WI_CA_Untold_Stories_03_31_14_lo_res_Final.pdf Shelf Number: 133039 Keywords: Mental Health ServicesRepeat VictimizationVictims of Crime (California) |
Author: Comeau, Michelle Title: Repeat and Near-Repeat Burglary Victimization in Rochester, NY. Literature Review: Burglary: The Criminal Act Summary: In New York State a burglary has occurred when an offender, "...knowingly enters or remains unlawfully in a building with the intent to commit a crime therein1." While not a requirement of it, one common feature of burglary is theft. This paper represents the second in a series of papers focusing on repeat and near-repeat burglary victimization in Rochester, NY. The first paper (see: "Motivations to Commit Burglary and Target Selection") introduced general statistics on burglary rate and prevalence, as well as discussed offender motivation and target selection. In this present paper we turn attention to the commission of the burglary (entry, search pattern, and exit) as well as what types of items are stolen by offenders and what methods of disposal are utilized. This paper is not intended as a comprehensive review; instead, it provides a primer on this topic. Details: Rochester, NY: Center for Public Safety Initiatives Rochester Institute of Technology, 2014. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 12, 2014 at: https://www.rit.edu/cla/criminaljustice/sites/rit.edu.cla.criminaljustice/files/docs/WorkingPapers/2014/Michelle%20RPD-LitReviewPaper2%20.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://www.rit.edu/cla/criminaljustice/sites/rit.edu.cla.criminaljustice/files/docs/WorkingPapers/2014/Michelle%20RPD-LitReviewPaper2%20.pdf Shelf Number: 134057 Keywords: BurglaryProperty CrimeRepeat VictimizationTarget Selection |
Author: Wlodarczyk, Joanna Title: National Survey of Child and Youth Victimization in Poland. Research Report. Summary: 1. Key findings - 71% of teenagers (11 to 17-year-olds) have experienced at least one form of victimization. - More than half of the respondents have experienced peer and sibling victimization, which is the most common category of victimization. The most frequent forms of peer and sibling victimization are peer or sibling assault (41%) and emotional bullying (28%). - More than one in three (34%) teenagers has been abused by known adults. Every fifth young person has experienced psychological abuse by adults (22%), and nearly the same proportion have been physically abused (21%). - 27% of teenagers have fallen victim to conventional crime. The largest proportion of young people have experienced vandalism (21%), while robbery and assault with a weapon have been much less common (8% and 5%, respectively). - 18% of the respondents have witnessed violence at home. - 9% have experienced at least one form of noncontact sexual victimization in most cases these were the less severe forms of sexual abuse: verbal sexual harassment (5,3%) and online grooming (5,1%); 6% of teenagers have fallen victim to at least one form of contact sexual victimization. - 6% of children have experienced neglect. - One in ten teenagers is a poly-victim which means that he or she has experienced 6 or more forms of victimization. Details: Warsaw: Fundacja Dzieci Niczyje (Nobody's Children Foundation), 2013. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 20, 2015 at: http://www.canee.net/files/National_Survey_of_Child_and_Youth_Victimization_in_Poland_2013.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Poland URL: http://www.canee.net/files/National_Survey_of_Child_and_Youth_Victimization_in_Poland_2013.pdf Shelf Number: 134996 Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect (Poland)Child MaltreatmentChildren and ViolenceChildren, Crimes AgainstRepeat VictimizationVictims of Crime |
Author: Mossman, Elaine Title: An Outcome Evaluation of Police Safety Orders Summary: On 1 July 2010, Police Safety Orders (PSOs) were introduced as a new tool for Police in dealing with family violence. They enable frontline officers to take immediate action to protect victims of family violence when there is insufficient evidence for an arrest. PSOs are instant orders that require the primary aggressor (Bound Person) to leave the residence and not return or contact the victim(s) (Person/s At Risk) for a prescribed period of time (maximum duration five days). The evaluation assessed the extent to which PSOs achieve their intended short- and longer-term outcomes with specific reference to the following four evaluation objectives: Objective 1: To use available data to gauge the extent to which the use of PSOs increase the immediate safety of the victim/children Objective 2: To investigate whether the use of PSOs achieves the compliance of the Bound Person1 Objective 3: To investigate the likelihood of whether the use of PSOs contributes to a reduction in re-victimisation Objective 4: To identify any unintended outcomes arising as a result of issuing/serving PSOs. Details: Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Police, 2014. 120p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 15, 2015 at: http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/publications/pso-outcome-evaluation-report.pdf Year: 2014 Country: New Zealand URL: http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/publications/pso-outcome-evaluation-report.pdf Shelf Number: 136061 Keywords: Domestic Violence Family Violence (New Zealand) Police Response Police Training Repeat Victimization |
Author: Cox, Peta Title: Sexual assault and domestic violence in the context of co-occurrence and re-victimisation: State of knowledge paper Summary: This state of knowledge paper examines the intersection between sexual assault and domestic violence, focusing on two forms of concurrent victimisation: re-victimisation (when a woman, over her lifetime, experiences both sexual assault and domestic violence) and intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV). The paper looks at the complexity of these experiences to identify the common impacts of domestic violence and sexual assault, and to critically examine how re-victimisation and IPSV can shift the ways in which we think about, and provide services for, women affected by domestic violence and sexual assault. Key findings include: - The lack of longitudinal studies of re-victimisation reduces our ability to make conclusions about causal factors or the nature of victimisation over time. - Much of the available research on IPSV and re-victimisation is unable to be extrapolated to findings about the general population, as it focuses on non-representative groups such women who were attending psychology clinics. - Research indicates that women who experience child sexual abuse (CSA) are more likely to experience IPSV than women who have not experienced CSA. Similarly, women who have experienced CSA are more likely to experience DV (not limited to sexual violence) in their adult relationships. - IPSV generally occurs in the context of other forms of violence and was often part of a larger pattern of coercive control in a relationship. IPSV should be considered a tactic of DV, and not a separate phenomenon. - Heteronormative beliefs and conservative gender norms were associated with acceptance and experience of sexual coercion for both men and women. - IPSV victims are less likely to seek help than victims of other forms of DV. - Drug and alcohol use may be a precursor, consequence or risk factor associated with IPSV and re-victimisation. Similarly, emotional distress and psychiatric conditions may increase a person's vulnerability to violence, place them in high risk contexts and/or may be a consequence of violence. - A wide range of communities, including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women, women from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds and women with a disability, have discrete patterns of victimisation, including distinct behaviours and norms that may increase the risk of victimisation. - Normative understandings of what constitutes "real rape" affect how victims, perpetrators and bystanders interpret experiences of sexual assault. These norms particularly affect interpretations of IPSV incidents. - Both IPSV and re-victimisation had significant physical and mental health consequences. Details: Sydney: ANROWS, 2015. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: State of Knowledge Paper, Issue 13: Accessed November 24, 2015 at: http://anrows.org.au/publications/landscapes/co-occurrence-and-re-victimisation Year: 2015 Country: Australia URL: http://anrows.org.au/publications/landscapes/co-occurrence-and-re-victimisation Shelf Number: 137316 Keywords: Family ViolenceRepeat VictimizationSex CrimesSexual AbuseSexual AssaultSexual ViolenceVictims of ViolenceViolence Against Women |
Author: Ranapurwala, Shabbar I. Title: Reporting Crime Victimizations to the Police and the Incidence of Future Victimizations: A Longitudinal Study Summary: Background Law enforcement depends on cooperation from the public and crime victims to protect citizens and maintain public safety; however, many crimes are not reported to police because of fear of repercussions or because the crime is considered trivial. It is unclear how police reporting affects the incidence of future victimization. Objective To evaluate the association between reporting victimization to police and incident future victimization. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using National Crime Victimization Survey 2008-2012 data. Participants were 12+ years old household members who may or may not be victimized, were followed biannually for 3 years, and who completed at least one followup survey after their first reported victimization between 2008 and 2012. Crude and adjusted generalized linear mixed regression for survey data with Poisson link were used to compare rates of future victimization. Results Out of 18,657 eligible participants, 41% participants reported to their initial victimization to police and had a future victimization rate of 42.8/100 person-years (PY) (95% CI: 40.7, 44.8). The future victimization rate of those who did not report to the police (59%) was 55.0/ 100 PY (95% CI: 53.0, 57.0). The adjusted rate ratio comparing police reporting to not reporting was 0.78 (95%CI: 0.72, 0.84) for all future victimizations, 0.80 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.90) for interpersonal violence, 0.73 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.78) for thefts, and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.84, 1.07) for burglaries. Conclusions Reporting victimization to police is associated with fewer future victimization, underscoring the importance of police reporting in crime prevention. This association may be attributed to police action and victim services provisions resulting from reporting. Details: PLoS ONE 11(7): e0160072. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160072, 2016. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 17, 2016 at: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0160072.PDF Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0160072.PDF Shelf Number: 144863 Keywords: BurglaryDomestic ViolenceIntimate Partner ViolenceRepeat VictimizationTheftVictims of Crime |
Author: Aho, Nikolas Title: Victimization, Prevalence, Health and Peritraumatic Reactions in Swedish Adolescents Summary: The aim of this thesis was to expand the knowledge of victimization in children and youth in Sweden. Victimization, prevalence, health and peritraumatic reactions were explored in a cross sectional, representative sample of 5,960 second grade high school students in Sweden. A computerized survey was developed and administered in class room setting. Lifetime victimization was found in 84.1% of the sample (m=83.0%, f=85.2%), and, in relation to the five domains, 66.4% had experienced conventional crime, 24% child maltreatment, 54.4% peer and sibling victimization, 21.8% sexual victimization, and 54% had experienced witness victimization. Females experienced significantly more child maltreatment, peer and sibling victimization, sexual victimization, and witnessed victimization, males more conventional crime (p<0.001). Using logistic regression risk factors for victimization were confirmed by a significant increase OR regarding gender, environment and lack of both parents. Symptoms (TSCC), were clearly associated with both victimizations per se and the number of victimizations. The results indicated a relatively linear increase in symptoms with an increase in number of events experienced. Mental health of the polyvictimized group was significantly worse than that of the non-polyvictimized group, with significantly elevated TSCC scores (t<0.001). Hierarchical regression analysis resulted in beta value reduction when polyvictimization was introduced supporting the independent effect on symptoms. Social anxiety was found in 10.2 % (n = 605) of the total group (n = 5,960). A significant gender difference emerged, with more females than males reporting social anxiety. Elevated PTSS was found in 14.8 % (n=883). Binary logistic regression revealed the highest OR for having had contact with child and adolescent psychiatry was found for the combined group with social anxiety and elevated PTSS (OR = 4.88, 95 % CI = 3.53 - 6.73, p<001). Significant associations were also found between use of child and adolescent psychiatry and female gender (OR = 2.05, 95 % CI = 1.70 - 2.45), Swedish birth origin (OR = 1.68, 95 % CI = 1.16-2.42) and living in a small municipality (OR = 1.33, 95 % CI = 1.02-1.73). Mediation models used peritraumatic reactions (PT): total, physiological arousal (PA), peritraumatic dissociation (PD), and intervention thoughts (IT) and JVQ and TSCC. Of the n=5,332 cases, a total of n=4,483 (84.1%) reported at least one victimizing event (m = 83.0%, f = 85.2%). Of these, 74.9% (n=3,360) also experienced a PT reaction of some kind. The effect mediated by PT tot was b= 0.479, BCa CI [0.342 - 0.640], representing a relatively small effect of 7.6%, 2=0.076, 95% BCa CI [0.054-0.101]. The mediating effect of JVQ on TSCC was mediated by PD more for males (b=0.394 BCa CI [0.170-0.636]) than for females (b=0.247, BCa CI [0.021-0.469]). The indirect effect of the JVQ on the TSCC total mediated by the different PT reactions was significant for PD (b=0.355, BCa CI [0.199-0.523]. In males a mediating effect of PD could be seen in the different models, while females had a more mixed result. IT did not show any indirect effect in males, but had a mixed effect for females. The empirical findings in this thesis lead to the conclusion that victimization is highly prevalent in children and youth and is related to health issues. The association of victimization on symptoms was mediated by peritraumatic reactions. Using a comprehensive instrument such as the JVQ provides the researcher or clinician the opportunity to acquire more complete measurement and also makes it possible to identify polyvictimization, a high-level category of events with severe impact on health. Details: Linköping, Sweden: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Linköping University, 2016. 145p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed January 30, 2017 at: https://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1047437/FULLTEXT01.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Sweden URL: https://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1047437/FULLTEXT01.pdf Shelf Number: 146036 Keywords: Childhood TraumaJuvenile VictimsPolyvictimizationRepeat VictimizationVictimizationVictims of Crime |
Author: Klein, Andrew Title: Impact of Differential Sentencing Severity for Domestic Violence Offenses and All Other Offenses Over Abusers' Life Spans Summary: The criminal justice response to domestic violence (DV) has been transformed since the 1980s, beginning with greatly increased numbers of arrests. Although prosecution initially lagged, recent research challenges the widespread belief that few DV arrests are prosecuted (Garner & Maxwell, 2009). However, the effectiveness of DV prosecution remains at issue. Maxwell and Garner's review of more than 30 DV prosecution studies, for example, found no deterrent effect of prosecution and sentencing beyond that obtained by the abuser’s initial arrest (2012). The goal of this research is to revisit the question of the effectiveness of DV prosecution. But unlike studies heretofore, we employ a wider lens, examining the relative effect of differential prosecutions of DV offenses over time and compared to all prosecutions experienced by the abuser, including those for offenses unrelated to DV (i.e., non-DV offenses). This wider examination is essential to determine the effectiveness of DV prosecution/sentencing because, as well established in the literature (Klein, 2009), the majority of abusers brought to court do not limit their criminal activities to DV alone. It was our hypothesis that the effectiveness of DV prosecution was significantly associated with the differential prosecution and sentencing severity between DV and non-DV crimes; namely, if DV offenses were treated more severely than nonDV offenses, reabuse would be significantly reduced compared to cases in which DV was prosecuted and sentenced less severely than in non-DV offenses. To study the effectiveness of DV prosecutions, we identified from a larger sample almost 500 abusers who were on probation for DV in Rhode Island in 2002 who had both DV and nonDV cases during the first six years of their criminal careers (and for whom at least one non-DV case preceded a DV case). We then looked at their every adult criminal prosecution, for DV and for non-DV offenses, since age 18 through April 2012. The majority had active criminal careers (as measured from first to last arrest) of at least eight years, with 44% having them for at least 10 years. We then looked at the number of DV cases charged against each abuser after the first six years to determine whether the prosecution/sentencing patterns of domestic and non-DV cases established in the first six years of their criminal careers were associated with subsequent re-abuse arrests. We controlled for the most common independent variables associated with risk of reabuse, including number of prior offenses, gender, and age at first offense (Klein, 2009). More than half (57%) of the abusers were sentenced more severely for DV than for nonDV offenses. Although the 38 different prosecutors' offices across Rhode Island were significantly less likely to prosecute DV offenses than the non-DV offenses (18.8% vs.15.4%, p < .001), those prosecuted for DV were significantly more likely to be incarcerated, mostly for one to 30 days (8.5% vs. 4.0%, p < .001). In comparing the impact of differential prosecution/sentencing severity, we looked at both whether the abusers committed any new DV offense and also the number of new DV offenses, controlling for common risk factors in both analyses. In both analyses, we found that abusers who were prosecuted and sentenced more severely for DV compared to non-DV crimes during the first years of their adult criminal careers were less likely to be arrested for subsequent new DV offenses. They had significantly fewer new DV offenses. Among the subset of abusers who were prosecuted for their DV offense(s) but were not prosecuted for their non-DV offense(s) (N=32), they were significantly less likely to commit new DV offenses. The research suggests that prosecutors and courts have the means to significantly deter reabuse, especially in the majority of states that provide by statute enhanced sentences for repeat DV cases if these increased sanctions are not routinely plea bargained away. Details: Sudbury, MA: Advocates for Human Potential, Inc., 2014. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 23, 2017 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/244757.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/244757.pdf Shelf Number: 141205 Keywords: Domestic ViolenceProsecutionRepeat VictimizationSentencing |
Author: Forda, Julian D. Title: A Study of the Impact of Screening for Poly-victimization in Juvenile Justice Summary: Research over the past decade has identified a sub-group of traumatized youths who have had extensive exposure to multiple types of victimization, interpersonal violence, and loss. These poly-victims are at risk for involvement in delinquency, and if they become involved in juvenile justice they have more severe emotional, behavioral, interpersonal, and school problems than other justice-involved youth (Ford, Grasso, Hawke, & Chapman, 2013). Screening for mental health problems by staff or clinicians has become a standard practice in most juvenile justice programs, with the standard practice being universal screening of all youth at the point of system intake. While further referrals for services should be guided by screening results, such referrals are usually at the discretion of the staff/clinician. However, there is no validated tool or procedure to screen for poly-victimization with justice-involved youth. This project therefore was designed to test the feasibility of and validate a poly-victimization screen with youth in juvenile detention facilities. The project's specific aims were as follows: Aim 1: To conduct a quasi-experimental study of the effectiveness of poly-victimization enhanced screening (PVE) in increasing the identification of traumatized juvenile justice-involved youth. Aim 2: To test the effectiveness of PVE in reducing subsequent adverse legal outcomes: (a) number and severity of juvenile offenses, (b) extent of justice involvement. Aim 3: To determine if the outcomes associated with PVE are independent of youths' age, gender, race/ethnicity, and previous legal history. Details: Farmington, CT: University of Connecticut Health Center, 2017. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 21, 2017 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/250994.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/250994.pdf Shelf Number: 146797 Keywords: Child Abuse and NeglectChildren Exposed to ViolenceRepeat VictimizationTrauma |
Author: Donkin, Susan Title: Victims and Offenders of Night-time Economy Violence Summary: Recent increases in recorded levels of violent crime are a cause for concern, particularly since violence associated with the night-time economy (NTE) has attracted a great deal of negative media attention. The aim of this study is to provide insight, using the West Midlands as an example geography, into the underlying dynamics of violence within the night-time economy. By identifying characteristics of the clientele involved in violent offences, we endeavour to increase the efficiency of any strategies aimed at providing crime reduction in a NTE setting. Recorded violent crime data occurring at a licensed premise (LPVOs) in the West Midlands between October 2004 and September 2006 form the basis for the analysis described. Data relating to all known victims and offenders of these incidents were retrieved. Socio-demographic data for all victim and offender groups were compared and contrasted and a breakdown of the extent of both repeat victimization and offending established. Individuals who were the victim of or committed three or more violent offences at licensed premises were denominated as "recurrent" victims and offenders respectively. The criminal history of recurrent offenders was analysed and compared to that of both victim and offender groups, thus providing further detail regarding those who offend most and those who are victimised most. Details: London: UCL Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science, 2007. 53p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 7, 2017 at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Susan_Donkin/publication/241607010_Victims_and_Offenders_of_Night-time_Economy_Violence/links/5779dd2b08ae4645d611f3dd/Victims-and-Offenders-of-Night-time-Economy-Violence.pdf Year: 2007 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Susan_Donkin/publication/241607010_Victims_and_Offenders_of_Night-time_Economy_Violence/links/5779dd2b08ae4645d611f3dd/Victims-and-Offenders-of-Night-time-Economy-Violence.pdf Shelf Number: 110574 Keywords: Alcohol-Related Crime, DisorderDisorderly ConductNight-time EconomyRepeat Victimization |
Author: Morgan, Anthony Title: Targeting Repeat Domestic Violence: Assessing short-term risk of reoffending Summary: Drawing on repeat victimisation studies, and analysing police data on domestic violence incidents, the current study examined the prevalence and correlates of short-term reoffending. The results showed that a significant proportion of offenders reoffended in the weeks and months following a domestic violence incident. Individuals who reoffended more quickly were more likely to be involved in multiple incidents in a short period of time. Offenders with a history of domestic violence-particularly more frequent offending-and of breaching violence orders were more likely to reoffend. Most importantly, the risk of reoffending was cumulative, increasing with each subsequent incident. The findings have important implications for police and other frontline agencies responding to domestic violence, demonstrating the importance of targeted, timely and graduated responses. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2018. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 552: Accessed June 14, 2018 at: https://aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi552 Year: 2018 Country: Australia URL: https://aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi552 Shelf Number: 150538 Keywords: Domestic Violence Family Violence Intimate Partner Violence Recidivism Repeat Offenders Repeat VictimizationRisk Assessment |
Author: Day, Andrew Title: The forgotten victims: Prisoner experience of victimisation and engagement with the criminal justice system Summary: Many women in prison have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV). As this form of violence is often intergenerational and entrenched, women in prison are widely considered to be at particular risk of ongoing victimisation following release from custody. And yet, their support needs often go unrecognised, and it is likely that a range of barriers exists that prevent ex-prisoners from accessing services. This project, jointly funded by ANROWS and Sparke Helmore Lawyers was conducted in partnership between James Cook University and the South Australian Department for Correctional Services. Led by Professor Andrew Day, this research develops an understanding of the factors that influence help-seeking by women in prison who may have concerns about their personal safety post-release and how this might inform service responses. From this research, a three stage model of help-seeking and change for women in prison was developed. The model suggests that any individual who experiences IPV must: recognise and define the situation as abusive and intolerable (Stage 1); decide to disclose the abuse and seek help (Stage 2); and identify a source of support and where to seek help (Stage 3). At the same time, the ability to seek help is influenced by a broad range of individual, interpersonal and socio-cultural factors including: the woman's own history; the personal networks in which she interacts, and the history of these networks; connections between networks or systems; formal and informal social structures that influence the woman indirectly; and overarching institutional systems at the cultural or subcultural level (social/cultural norms and prejudices). For policy-makers, practitioners and service providers, the research identifies: women in prison are a particularly vulnerable group who are likely to be at a high risk of ongoing victimisation; significant barriers exist that prevent women in prison from accessing IPV support services while in prison and post-release; current service models are unresponsive to the specific needs of women in prison and post-release; a specialised approach for women in prison is needed based on their particular social and individual circumstances; the development of culturally specific support services are required for women in prison who identify as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander; and women with lived experience of incarceration should be part of the service framework in the community sector at all levels of program governance, design and delivery. Details: Sydney: Australia's National Research Organisation for Women's Safety (ANROWs), 2018. 112p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 23, 2018 at: http://apo.org.au/system/files/188151/apo-nid188151-993026.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Australia URL: http://apo.org.au/system/files/188151/apo-nid188151-993026.pdf Shelf Number: 151240 Keywords: Domestic ViolenceIntimate Partner ViolencePrisonersRehabilitationRepeat VictimizationVictim ServicesVictims of CrimeViolence Against Women |
Author: Esparza, David Perez Title: Mayoral Homicide in Mexico: A Situational Analysis on the Victims, Perpetrators,and Locations of Attacks Summary: This essay seeks to identify the key factors that explain why local officials-specifically mayors, former mayors, mayors-elect, and mayoral candidates-are being killed in Mexico. Second, it aims to provide a set of policy alternatives to tackle this important threat to Mexican democracy, particularly in the context of the 2018 electoral process. To accomplish this goal, the paper uses the routine activity theory (RAT) crime triangle methodology to examine who are the targeted officials (the victims), who are the attackers (the offenders), and where the attacks have occurred (the place). Since official records are nonexistent on the subject, open source intelligence (OSINT) techniques are used to create a database that includes all attacks against local officials, from the first case recorded in Mexico on July 8, 2004, to March 1, 2018, when the researchers ended their data gathering process. The paper presents 178 documented deadly attacks (i.e., homicides) against local officials. Additionally, the paper examines a number of specific variables that appear to increase the risk of attack. As the cases are not distributed homogenously either spatially or temporally, the authors discuss the role crime concentration plays in these attacks. In particular, the paper focuses on studying municipios (i.e., cities) with "repeat victimizations,"-in other words, places where two or more mayors have been killed. Evidence-based approaches to the problem are proposed for a useful understanding of these high-profile attacks. An informed examination of previous cases can help to implement successful interventions for mitigating future attacks. Details: Austin, TX: James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University, 2018. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 22, 2018 at: https://www.bakerinstitute.org/media/files/files/27285204/mex-pub-mexmayors-053118.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Mexico URL: https://www.bakerinstitute.org/media/files/files/27285204/mex-pub-mexmayors-053118.pdf Shelf Number: 153041 Keywords: Crime Triangle Homicides Organized Crime Political Corruption Political Violence Repeat VictimizationVictimization |
Author: Rahman, Sara Title: Assessing the risk of repeat intimate partner assault Summary: Aim: To identify factors associated with the risk of experiencing repeat intimate partner assault. Method: A subset of 336 individuals who reported experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) in the 12 months prior to participating in the ABS Personal Safety Survey 2016 was identified, 145 (43.2%) of whom experienced repeat victimisation involving assault. Population-weighted logistic regression models were used to estimate the likelihood of experiencing repeat IPV involving assault in the 12 months prior to survey response. Results: The best population-weighted logistic regression model indicated that the following factors significantly correlate with experience of repeat IPV assault: experience of emotional abuse in the most recent 12 months, socioeconomic disadvantage and remoteness of a person's area of residence, low educational attainment and disability status. This model correctly classified 69.3 per cent of cases and had acceptable levels of discrimination (AUC=.760). Conclusion: Victim experience of emotional abuse and sociodemographic factors are potentially useful factors for inclusion in risk assessment tools to identify victims at risk of repeat IPV. Details: Sydney: NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 2018. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Crime and Justice Bulletin, No. 220: Accessed February 19, 2019 at: https://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/Documents/CJB/2019-Report-Assessing-the-risk-of-repeat-intimate-partner-assault-CJB220.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Australia URL: https://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/Documents/CJB/2019-Report-Assessing-the-risk-of-repeat-intimate-partner-assault-CJB220.pdf Shelf Number: 154664 Keywords: Domestic Violence Family Violence Intimate Partner Violence Recidivism Reoffending Repeat VictimizationRisk Assessment |